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????? ??? ?????? 18 ?? ??????????? ??? 96 ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????.

??? ??????? ?? 18 ????? 1918 ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? (Apartheid). ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????.

??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? 1960? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????.

????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????????. ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? 27 ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????.

???? ???? ??????? ?? 11 ?????? 1990 ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? 1993 ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????. ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???.

???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.

??? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??????.

??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????(1991- 1997)???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????.

??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????.

??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? 1990???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????.

??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? 1991.??? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????.

??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????(1994 ? 2000) ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????.

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???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????.

????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? (????????) ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? 1990? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????.

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? 1992???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? (Li Yong) ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? "??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???????".

????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????:

?? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????.

????? ?? ??????? ????????????????????? ??? ?????? ?? 2003 ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???????.

???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????:

???? ?????? ??????? ?? 5 ?????? 2013 ?? ??? ????? ??? 95 ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????.

??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? 2009?? ??? 18 ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????.

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